 #div class="mw-parser-output"#
The transcendental ecstatic attachment for Krishna by perfectly understanding that Krishna the Person and Krishna the Name are identical is called Bhava. One who has achieved such Bhava is certainly not in the contamination of material Nature. He actually enjoys transcendental pleasure from such Bhava. And, when Bhava is more intensified, it is called love of Godhead. The Holy Name of Krishna is called the Maha Mantra (Great Chanting): therefore Lord Chaitanya explained to Prakasananda Saraswati that the Holy Name of Krishna has a specific influence on anyone who chants It and he can attain the stage of love of Godhead, or intensified Bhava. Such love of Godhead is the ultimate goal of human necessity. When one compares this love of Godhead with the other necessities of the human society, namely, religiousness, economic development, sense gratification, and liberation, they are seen as most insignificant. When one is absorbed in temporary designative existence, one hankers after sense gratification, or else after liberation. But love of Godhead is the eternal nature of the soul; it is unchangeable, without beginning, and it has no end; therefore, temporary sense gratification or a desire for liberation cannot compare with the transcendental nature of love of God. This love of God is called the fifth dimension in the human goals of life. Compared with the ocean of love of transcendental pleasure, the impersonal Brahman conception cannot measure as even one drop of water.
#$p#Lord Chaitanya now explained that His Spiritual Master had confirmed the ecstatic situation of His chanting the Holy Name of God, and had confirmed that the essence of all Vedic literature is the attainment of love of Godhead. His Spiritual Master said that Lord Chaitanya was fortunate enough to have attained such a stage of love of Godhead. By attainment of such transcendental love of Godhead, one's heart becomes very anxious to attain direct contact with the Lord; and with that transcendental sentiment he sometimes laughs, sometimes cries, sometimes sings; sometimes dances like a madman, and sometimes he traverses hither and thither.
#$p#There are various ecstatic symptoms of the body: crying, changing the color of the body, madness, bereavement, silence, feeling proud, ecstasy, gentleness, and, often, the person in love of Godhead dances. Such dancing puts him into the ocean of the nectar of love of Krishna.
#$p#Lord Chaitanya's Spiritual Master said to Him: "It is very good that You have attained such a perfectional stage of love of Godhead, and by Your attainment I am very much obliged to You."
#$p#The father becomes more enlightened when he sees his son advance beyond himself. Similarly, when the Spiritual Master sees a disciple advancing, he takes more pleasure in that than in his own advancement. Lord Chaitanya's Spiritual Master blessed Him, telling Him to "dance, sing and propagate this Samkirtan movement, and by instructing people about Krishna, try to deliver them from the nescience."
#$p#His Spiritual Master taught Him a very nice verse from Srimad Bhagwatam which is from the Eleventh Canto, Second Chapter: "A person who is constantly engaged in devotional service to Krishna by chanting His Holy Name becomes so transcendentally attached to the chanting that his heart becomes softened without any extraneous endeavor. In such a condition of softened heart he exhibits transcendental ecstasies, sometimes by laughing, sometimes by crying, sometimes by singing, sometimes by dancing—not exactly in an artistic way, but just like a madman."
#$p#Lord Chaitanya informed Prakasananda Saraswati, "I have full faith in my Spiritual Master's words, and therefore I am always engaged in the matter of chanting Hare Krishna, Hare Krishna, Krishna Krishna, Hare Hare/Hare Rama, Hare Rama, Rama Rama, Hare Hare. I do not know how I have become just like a madman, but the Name Krishna Himself induces Me to become so. I realize that the transcendental pleasure derived from chanting Hare Krishna, Hare Krishna, Krishna Krishna, Hare Hare/Hare Rama, Hare Rama, Rama Rama, Hare Hare, is just like an ocean and, in comparison, all other pleasures, including the pleasure of the impersonal conception, are like shallow water in channels."
#$p#It appears from the talks of Lord Chaitanya that a person who cannot keep his faith in the words of the Spiritual Master and thus acts independently cannot ever attain the desired success in the matter of chanting Hare Krishna. In the Vedic literature it is said that, for one who has unflinching faith in the Supreme Lord, and similar faith in his Spiritual Master, the import of the transcendental literature becomes revealed. Lord Chaitanya firmly believed in this statement of His Spiritual Master, and He never stopped His Samkirtan movement by neglecting the instruction of His Spiritual Master. Therefore, the transcendental potency of the Holy Name encouraged Him more and more in chanting Hare Krishna, or the Maha Mantra.
#$p#Lord Chaitanya immediately informed Prakasananda that people in general in the modern age are more or less bereft of all spiritual intellect. When such persons come under the influence of Sankaracharya's Mayavadi, or impersonalist, philosophy before beginning the most confidential Vedanta Sutras, their natural tendency toward obediance to the Supreme is checked. The Supreme Source of everything is naturally respected by everyone, but by the impersonalist conception of Sankara, this natural tendency is hampered. Therefore, the Spiritual Master of Lord Chaitanya suggested that it is better not to study the Sarirakabhasya of Sankaracharya, which is very harmful to people in general. Neither has the common man the intelligence to penetrate into the jugglery of words. He is better advised to chant the Maha Mantra: Hare Krishna, Hare Krishna, Krishna Krishna, Hare Hare/Hare Rama, Hare Rama, Rama Rama, Hare Hare. In this quarrelsome Age of Kali, there is no alternative for self realization to the chanting of the Hare Krishna Maha Mantra.
#$p#After hearing the arguments and talks of Chaitanya Mahaprabhu, all the the Mayavadi Sannyasis who were present became pacified, and replied in sweet words: "My dear sir, whatever You have spoken is all true. A person who attains love of Godhead is certainly very fortunate. And undoubtedly You are very fortunate that You have attained such a stage of love of Godhead. But what is the fault in Vedanta that You do not study it, although it is the duty of a Sannyasi to read and understand Vedanta?"
#$p#According to Mayavadi philosophers, Vedanta means the Sariraka commentary of Sankaracharya. By "Vedanta" and "Upanishads," impersonal philosophers mean "according to the commentary of Sankaracharya," the greatest teacher of Mayavadi philosophy. After Sankaracharya came Sadananda Yogi, who said that Vedanta and Upanishads should be understood through the commentary of Sankaracharya. Factually, it is not so; for the Vedanta philosophy or the Upanishads there are many other commentaries made by the Vaishnava Acharyas, rather than those of Sankaracharya. Mayavadi philosophers influenced by Sankaracharya do not find any importance in the different Vaishnava philosophical understandings.
#$p#There are four different sects of Vaishnava Acharyas, called the Suddhadvaita, Visistadvaita, Dvaidadvaita, and Achintya Bhedabheda; and all the Vaishnava Acharyas have written commentaries on the Vedanta Sutra, which the Mayavadi philosophers do not recognize. Mayavadis make a distinction between Krishna and Krishna's Body, and therefore the worship of Krishna by the Vaishnava philosophers is not recognized by them.
#$p#Therefore, when the Mayavadi Sannyasis inquired from Lord Chaitanya as to why He did not study Vedanta Sutra, the Lord replied as follows: "My dear sir, you have inquired why I do not study Vedanta. In answer to this question I may speak something, if you won't be sorry on hearing it."
#$p#All the Mayavadi Sannyasis present said, "Now, we shall be very much pleased to hear You, because we see You are just like Narayan, and Your speeches are so nice that we are taking a great pleasure in hearing Your words. We are very much obliged to see You and hear You. Therefore, whatever You say, we shall be very glad to accept and hear patiently."
#$p#Then the Lord began to speak about Vedanta philosophy as follows: Vedanta Sutra is spoken by the Supreme Lord Himself. The Supreme Lord, by His incarnation as Vyasadeva, has compiled this great philosophical treatise, Vedanta Sutra. Vyasadeva's incarnation of the Supreme Lord means that He cannot be likened to the ordinary person, who has the four defects of material existence. The defects of the conditioned soul are: 1. he must commit mistakes, 2. he must be illusioned, 3. he must possess the tendency to cheat others, and 4. his senses must be all imperfect. When we speak of the incarnation of Godhead, we understand that He is transcendental to all these defects of the conditioned living entity. Therefore, whatever has been spoken and written by Vyasadeva is to be understood as perfect. The Upanishads and Vedanta Sutra aim at the same subject matter: the Supreme Absolute Truth; and, when we accept the import of Vedanta Sutra and the Upanishads directly, as they are stated, it becomes very glorious for us. But the commentary made by Sankaracharya is indirect, and is very dangerous for the common man, because, by understanding the import of the Upanishad in such an indirect, disruptive way, one becomes practically barred from spiritual realization.
#$p#According to Skanda and Vayn Puranas, "Sutra" means a condensed form of words, which carries meaning and import of immeasurable strength without any mistake or fault. "Vedanta" means the end of Vedic knowledge. In other words, any book which deals with the subject indicated by all the Vedas js called Vedanta. For example, the Bhagavad Gita is also Vedanta, because in the Bhagavad Gita we will find that the Lord says that the ultimate end of all Vedic research is Krishna, Therefore, Bhagavad Gita and Srimad Bhagwatam, which aim only at Krishna, are to be understood as Vedanta.
#$p#In transcendental realization there are three divisions of knowledge, and they are called Prasthana Trai. The department of knowledge which is proven by Vedic instruction, like the Upanishads, is called Sruti Prasthan. Authoritative books indicating the same thing and written by liberated souls like Vyasa—for example Bhagavad Gita, Mahabarata and the Puranas, especially the Srimad Bhagwatam, the Maha Purana—are called Nyaaprasthana. From the Vedas we understand that the Vedas originated from the breathing of Narayan. Vyasadeva, Who is an incarnation of the power of Narayan, has compiled the Vedanta Sutra. According to the Sankara commentary there appears another name, Apantartama Rishi, who is also credited with having compiled the codes of the Vedanta Sutra. According to Lord Chaitanya, the Codes of Pancharatra and the codes of Vedanta are one and the same. The Vedanta Sutra, being compiled by Vyasadeva, is to be understood as spoken by Narayan Himself. From the whole descriptive literature about the Vedanta Sutra, it is understood that there were many other Rishis contemporary with Vyasadeva who also discussed this Vedanta Sutra. The following sages—Atriya, Asmara thyk, Audulomi, Karshnajini, Kasakritsna, Jaimimi, Badari, and other sages such as Parasarikarmandi—also discussed Vedanta Sutra.
#$p#Actually, in the first three chapters of Vedanta Sutra, the relationship of the living entities with the Supreme Lord is explained, and in the Third Chapter the discharge of devotional service is explained. In the Fourth Chapter the result of the relationship of discharging devotional service is explained.
#$p#The natural commentary on the Vedanta Sutra is Srimad Bhagwatam. The great Acharyas of the four sections of the Vaishnava community—namely, Ramanujacharya, Madhvacharya, Vishnu Swami, and Nimbarka—have also written commentaries on the Vedanta Sutra in following the principles of Srimad Bhagwatam. At present the followers of all the Acharyas have written many books following the principles of Srimad Bhagwatam as the commentary on the Vedanta. Sankara's commentary on the Vedanta Sutra, known as Sarirakabhasya is very much adored by the impersonalist class of scholars. But commentary on the Vedanta from the materialistic point of view is completely adverse to the transcendental loving position of devotional service to the Lord. And, therefore, Lord Chaitanya said that the direct commentary of the Upanishad and Vedanta Sutra is glorious, and anyone who follows the Sarirakabhasya of Sankaracharya without following the direct path is certainly doomed.
#$p#Lord Chaitanya admitted that Sankaracharya was an incarnation of Lord Shiva, and Lord Shiva is one of the greatest devotees, a Mahajan of the Bhagwat school. There are twelve great authorities on devotional service, and Lord Shiva is one of them. Then, why did he adopt the process of Mayavadi philosophy? The answer is given in the Padma Purana, where there is a statement by Lord Shiva as follows: "The Mayavadi philosophy is veiled Buddhist philosophy." In other words, the void philosophy of Buddha is more or less repeated in the Mayavadi philosophy of impersonalism, althouth the Mayavadi philosophy claims to be directed by the Vedic conclusions. Lord Shiva thus admits that this philosophy was manufactured by him in the Age of Kali as a Brahmin boy to mislead the atheist class of men: "Actually, the Supreme Personality of Godhead has His transcendental Body, but I describe the Supreme as impersonal. Similarly, I have explained the Vedanta Sutra also on the same principles of Mayavadi philosophy."
#$p#In the Shiva Puranam there is one statement by the Supreme Lord: "In the beginning of the Dvapara Yuga, under My order, there will be many sages who will bewilder the people in general by Mayavadi philosophy." In the Padma Purana, Lord Shiva personally says to Bhagavati Devi: "My dear Devi, sometimes I speak Mayavadi philosophy for persons who are engrossed in the modes of ignorance. But anyone in the modes of goodness who happens to hear this Mayavadi philosophy falls. In the Mayavadi philosophy I say that the living entity and the Supreme Lord are one and the same."
#$p#Sadanada Yogi, one of the greatest Mayavadi Acharyas, has written in his book, Vedanta Sara, as follows: "Absolute Truth of eternity, knowledge and bliss is Brahman. Ignorance and all products of ignorance are non-Brahman. Any products out of the three modes of material Nature are covered by ignorance, and all are different from the Supreme Cause and effect. This ignorance is manifested in a collective and individual sense. Collective ignorance is called Visuddhasatvapradhana. When that Visuddhasatvapradhana becomes manifested within the ignorance of material Nature it is called the Lord, and the Lord manifests all kinds of ignorance. Therefore Hs is known as Sarvajna." According to the Mayavadi philosophy the Lord is the product of this material Nature, and the living entity is in the lowest grade of ignorance. That is the sum and substance of the Mayavadi philosophy.
#$p#If, however, we accept directly the import of the Upanishads, it is clear that the Supreme Personality of Godhead is a Person with unlimited Potency. For example, in the Brihadarnyak it is stated that the Supreme Personality of Godhead is the Origin of everything, and He has multiple different potencies: "The Supreme Personality of Godhead is transcendental to the cosmic manifestation of His time through His material energy, and He is the Origin of all religiousness, and He is the Supreme Deliverer, and He is Possesser of all opulences. Let me understand the Supreme Personality of Godhead, Who is just like the Sun, profusely distributing His different energies, while beyond the cloud of this material cosmic manifestation. He is the Master of masters, and He is the Supreme of the supremes. He is known as the Greatest Lord, the Personality of Godhead. His energies and potencies are multiple, variously distributed." It is stated that Vishnu is the Supreme, and those who are saintly persons are always anxious to see the Lotus Feet of Vishnu. In the Aitariya Upanishad also it is stated that the Lord glanced over the material Nature, and thus the cosmic manifestation came about. This is also stated in the Prasna Upanishad.
#$p#When there is a negative description of the Lord in the Vedic literature, just like Apani Pada, such a Mantra indicates that the Lord has no material body, and that He has no material Form. But He has His Spiritual Body, He has His transcendental Body, and He has His transcendental Form. The Mayavadi philosophers misunderstand this transcendental nature of the Supreme Lord, and explain the Supreme Lord as impersonal. The Lord, His Name, Form, Quality, Entourage and Abode all being in the transcendental world—how can He be a transformation of this material Nature? Everything connected with the Supreme Lord is eternal, blissful, and full of knowledge.
#$p#So, in effect, Sankaracharya delivered this Mayavadi philosophy to bewilder a certain class of atheistic people. Actually, he never meant that the Supreme Lord, the Personality of Godhead, is impersonal, with no Body or no Form. Therefore, the intelligent persons should not attend any lecture on Mayavadi philosophy. We should understand that the Supreme Personality of Godhead Vishnu is not impersonal. He is a transcendental Person. The basic principle of the cosmic manifestation is the energy of Vishnu. Mayavadi philosophy cannot trace the energy of the Supreme Lord, but in all the Vedic literature we have various evidences of the Supreme Lord's various mainfestations of energies. Vishnu is not the product of the material Nature, but material Nature is the product of Vishnu's potency. The Mayavadi philosopher understands that Vishnu is a product of this material Nature. If Vishnu is a product of the material Nature, He can be counted as one of the demigods. One who accepts Vishnu as one of the demigods is certainly mistaken and misled. And how he is misled is explained in the Bhagavad Gita: "My material energy is so powerful that it is very difficult to surpass the spell of material Nature, even for the greatest scholar."
#/div# |
#div class="mw-parser-output"#
#i#Bhāva#/i# is the transcendental ecstatic attachment for Kṛṣṇa which results from perfectly understanding that the person Kṛṣṇa and the name Kṛṣṇa are identical. One who has attained #i#bhāva#/i# is certainly not contaminated by material nature. He enjoys transcendental pleasure from #i#bhāva#/i#, and when #i#bhāva#/i# is intensified it is called love of Godhead. Lord Caitanya told Prakāśānanda Sarasvatī that the holy name of Kṛṣṇa—the #i#mahā-mantra#/i#, or "great chant"—enables anyone who chants it to attain the stage of love of Godhead, or intensified #i#bhāva#/i#. Love of Godhead is the ultimate human necessity, for when one compares it with other necessities (namely religion, economic development, sense gratification and liberation), one can see that these others are most insignificant. When one is absorbed in temporary, conditioned existence, he hankers after sense gratification and liberation. But love of Godhead is the eternal nature of the soul; it is unchangeable, without beginning or end. Therefore neither temporary sense gratification nor liberation can compare with the transcendental nature of love of God. Love of God is the fifth and ultimate goal of human life. Compared with the ocean of transcendental pleasure that is love of God, the conception of impersonal Brahman is no more significant than a drop of water.
#$p#Lord Caitanya next explained that His spiritual master had confirmed the validity of the ecstasy He had felt from chanting the holy name of God, and he had also confirmed that the essence of all Vedic literature is the attainment of love of Godhead. Lord Caitanya 's spiritual master had said that the Lord was fortunate to have attained love of Godhead. The heart of one who attains such transcendental love becomes very anxious to attain direct contact with the Lord. Feeling such transcendental sentiment, one sometimes laughs, sometimes cries, sometimes sings, sometimes dances like a madman, and sometimes runs hither and thither. In this way there are various ecstatic symptoms manifest: crying, changing bodily color, madness, bereavement, silence, pride, ecstasy and gentleness. Often the person who has attained love of God dances, and such dancing places him in the ocean of the nectar of love of Kṛṣṇa.
#$p#Lord Caitanya said that His spiritual master told Him: "It is very good that You have attained such a perfectional stage of love of Godhead. Because of Your attainment, I am very much obliged to You." The father becomes enlivened when he sees his son advance beyond himself. Similarly, the spiritual master takes more pleasure in seeing his disciple advance than in advancing himself. Thus Lord Caitanya 's spiritual master blessed Him, telling Him: "Dance, sing, propagate this #i#saṅkīrtana#/i# movement and, by instructing people about Kṛṣṇa, try to deliver them from nescience." Lord Caitanya 's spiritual master also taught Him the following very nice verse from #i#Śrīmad-Bhāgavatam#/i# (11.2.40):
#dl##dd##i#evaṁ-vrataḥ sva-priya-nāma-kīrtyā#/i##/dd#
#dd##i#jātānurāgo druta-citta uccaiḥ#/i##/dd#
#dd##i#hasaty atho roditi rauti gāyaty#/i##/dd#
#dd##i#unmāda-van nṛtyati loka-bāhyaḥ#/i##/dd##/dl#
"A person who constantly engages in devotional service to Kṛṣṇa by chanting His holy name becomes so transcendentally attached to the chanting that his heart becomes softened without extraneous endeavor. When this happens, he exhibits transcendental ecstasies by sometimes laughing, sometimes crying, sometimes singing and sometimes dancing—not exactly in an artistic way, but just like a madman."
#$p#Lord Caitanya further informed Prakāśānanda Sarasvatī: "Because I have full faith in My spiritual master 's words, I always engage in chanting Hare Kṛṣṇa, Hare Kṛṣṇa, Kṛṣṇa Kṛṣṇa, Hare Hare/ Hare Rāma, Hare Rāma, Rāma Rāma, Hare Hare. I do not know how I have become just like a madman, but I believe the name of Kṛṣṇa has induced Me. I have realized that the transcendental pleasure derived from chanting Hare Kṛṣṇa, Hare Kṛṣṇa, Kṛṣṇa Kṛṣṇa, Hare Hare/ Hare Rāma, Hare Rāma, Rāma Rāma, Hare Hare is just like an ocean, in comparison to which all other pleasures, including the pleasure of impersonal realization, are like the shallow water in canals."
#$p#It appears from the talks of Lord Caitanya that a person who cannot keep his faith in the words of the spiritual master and who acts independently cannot attain the desired success in chanting Hare Kṛṣṇa. In the Vedic literature it is stated that the import of all transcendental literature is revealed to one who has unflinching faith in the Supreme Lord and his spiritual master. Lord Caitanya firmly believed in the statements of His spiritual master, and He never neglected the instructions of His spiritual master by stopping His #i#saṅkīrtana#/i# movement. Thus the transcendental potency of the holy name encouraged Him more and more in chanting Hare Kṛṣṇa, the #i#mahā-mantra#/i#.
#$p#Lord Caitanya next informed Prakāśānanda that in the modern age people in general are more or less bereft of spiritual intellect. When such people come under the influence of Śaṅkarācārya 's Māyāvāda (impersonalist) philosophy before beginning the most confidential #i#Vedānta-sūtra#/i#, their natural tendency toward obedience to the Supreme is checked. The supreme source of everything is naturally respected by everyone, but this natural tendency is hampered when one takes to the impersonalist conceptions of Śaṅkara. Thus the spiritual master of Lord Caitanya suggested that it is better not to study the #i#Śārīraka-bhāṣya#/i# of Śaṅkarācārya, for it is very harmful to people in general. Indeed, the common man does not even have the intelligence to penetrate into the jugglery of words. He is better advised to chant the #i#mahā-mantra#/i#: Hare Kṛṣṇa, Hare Kṛṣṇa, Kṛṣṇa Kṛṣṇa, Hare Hare/ Hare Rāma, Hare Rāma, Rāma Rāma, Hare Hare. In this quarrelsome Age of Kali there is no alternative for self-realization.
#$p#After hearing the arguments and talks of Caitanya Mahāprabhu, all the Māyāvādī #i#sannyāsīs#/i# who were present became pacified and replied with sweet words: "Dear sir, what You have spoken is all true. A person who attains love of Godhead is certainly very fortunate, and undoubtedly You are very fortunate to have attained this stage. But what is the fault in the #i#Vedānta#/i#? It is the duty of a #i#sannyāsī#/i# to read and understand the #i#Vedānta#/i#. Why do You not study it?"
#$p#According to Māyāvādī philosophers, the #i#Vedānta#/i# refers to the Śārīraka commentary of Śaṅkarācārya. When impersonalist philosophers refer to the #i#Vedānta#/i# and the #i#Upaniṣads#/i#, they are actually referring to these works as understood through the commentaries of Śaṅkarācārya, the greatest teacher of Māyāvāda philosophy. After Śaṅkarācārya came Sadānanda Yogīndra, who claimed that the #i#Vedānta#/i# and #i#Upaniṣads#/i# should be understood through the commentaries of Śaṅkarācārya. Factually, this is not so. There are many commentaries on the #i#Vedānta#/i# and the #i#Upaniṣads#/i# made by Vaiṣṇava #i#ācāryas#/i#, and these are preferred to those of Śaṅkarācārya. But the Māyāvādī philosophers, influenced by Śaṅkarācārya, do not attribute any importance to the Vaiṣṇava understandings.
#$p#There are four different sects of Vaiṣṇava #i#ācāryas#/i#, and each follows a different variation of personalism—#i#śuddhādvaita#/i#, '#i#viśiṣṭādvaita#/i#, #i#dvaitādvaita#/i# and #i#acintya-bhedābheda#/i#. All the Vaiṣṇava #i#ācāryas#/i# in these schools have written commentaries on the #i#Vedānta-sūtra#/i#, but the Māyāvādī philosophers do not recognize them. The Māyāvādīs distinguish between Kṛṣṇa and Kṛṣṇa 's body, and therefore they do not recognize the worship of Kṛṣṇa by the Vaiṣṇava philosophers. Thus when the Māyāvādī #i#sannyāsīs#/i# asked Lord Caitanya why He did not study the #i#Vedānta-sūtra#/i#, the Lord replied, "Dear sirs, you have asked why I do not study the #i#Vedānta#/i#, and in answer to this I could speak something, but I am afraid you would be sorry to hear it."
#$p#All the Māyāvādī #i#sannyāsīs#/i# replied, "We shall be very much pleased to hear You because we see that You are just like Nārāyaṇa and Your speeches are so nice that we are taking great pleasure in them. We are very much obliged to see and hear You. Therefore we shall be very glad to hear patiently and accept whatever You say."
#$p#The Lord then began to speak on #i#Vedānta#/i# philosophy as follows: The #i#Vedanta-sūtra#/i# is spoken by the Supreme Lord Himself. The Supreme Lord, in His incarnation as Vyāsadeva, has compiled this great philosophical treatise. Since Vyāsadeva is an incarnation of the Supreme Lord, he cannot be likened to an ordinary person, who has the four defects which arise due to contact with material existence. The defects of a conditioned soul are (1) he must commit mistakes, (2) he must be illusioned, (3) he must possess the tendency to cheat others, and (4) all his senses must be imperfect. We must understand that the incarnation of God is transcendental to all these defects. Thus whatever has been spoken and written by Vyāsadeva is considered to be perfect. The #i#Upaniṣads#/i# and #i#Vedānta-sūtra#/i# aim at the same goal: the Supreme Absolute Truth. When we accept the direct import of the #i#Vedānta-sūtra#/i# and #i#Upaniṣads#/i#, that is glorious. But the commentaries made by Śaṅkarācārya are indirect and are thus very dangerous for the common man to read, for by understanding the import of the #i#Upaniṣads#/i# in such an indirect, disruptive way, one practically bars himself from spiritual realization.
#$p#According to the #i#Skanda#/i# and #i#Vāyu Purāṇas#/i#, the word #i#sūtra#/i# refers to a condensed work which carries meaning and import of immeasurable strength without any mistake or fault. The word #i#vedānta#/i# means "the end of Vedic knowledge." In other words, any book which deals with the subject matter indicated by all the #i#Vedas#/i# is called #i#vedānta#/i#. For example, the #i#Bhagavad-gītā#/i# is #i#vedānta#/i# because in the #i#Bhagavad-gītā#/i# the Lord says that the ultimate goal of all Vedic research is Kṛṣṇa. Thus one should understand that the #i#Bhagavad-gītā#/i# and #i#Śrīmad-Bhāgavatam#/i#, which aim only at Kṛṣṇa, are #i#vedānta#/i#.
#$p#In transcendental realization there are three divisions of knowledge, called #i#prasthāna-traya#/i#. That department of knowledge which is proved by Vedic instruction (like the #i#Upaniṣads#/i#) is called #i#śruti-prasthāna#/i#. Authoritative books indicating the ultimate goal and written by liberated souls like Vyāsadeva (for example, the #i#Bhagavad-gītā#/i#, #i#Mahābhārata#/i# and #i#Purāṇas#/i#, especially #i#Śrīmad-Bhāgavatam#/i#, the #i#Mahā-Purāṇa#/i#) are called #i#smṛti-prasthāna#/i#. From the Vedic literature we understand that the #i#Vedas#/i# originated from the breathing of Nārāyaṇa. Vyāsadeva, who is an incarnation of the power of Nārāyaṇa, compiled the #i#Vedānta-sūtra#/i# (#i#nyāya-prasthāna#/i#), but according to Śaṅkara 's commentaries, Apāntaratamā Ṛṣi is also sometimes credited with having compiled the aphorisms of the #i#Vedānta-sūtra#/i#. According to Lord Caitanya, the conclusions of the verses of the #i#Pañcarātra#/i# and the aphorisms of the #i#Vedānta#/i# are one and the same. Since the #i#Vedānta-sūtra#/i# is compiled by Vyāsadeva, it should be understood to be spoken by Nārāyaṇa Himself. From all the descriptive literature dealing with the #i#Vedānta-sūtra#/i#, it appears that there were many other #i#ṛṣis#/i# contemporary with Vyāsadeva who also discussed the #i#Vedānta-sūtra#/i#. These sages were Ātreya, Āśmarathya, Auḍulomi, Kārṣṇājini, Kāśakṛtsna, Jaimini and Bādarī, while other sages such as Pārāśarī and Karmandī discussed the #i#Vedānta#/i# before Vyāsadeva.
#$p#In the first two chapters of the #i#Vedānta-sūtra#/i# the relationship between the living entities and the Supreme Lord is explained, and in the Third Chapter the discharge of devotional service is explained. The Fourth Chapter deals with the result of discharging devotional service. The natural commentary on the #i#Vedānta-sūtra#/i# is #i#Śrīmad-Bhāgavatam#/i#. The great #i#ācāryas#/i# of the four Vaiṣṇava communities (#i#sampradāyas#/i#)—namely, Rāmānujācārya, Madhvācārya, Viṣṇu Svāmī and Nimbārka—have also written commentaries on the #i#Vedānta-sūtra#/i# by following the principles of #i#Śrīmad-Bhāgavatam#/i#. The followers of these #i#ācāryas#/i#, down to the present day, have written many books following the principles of #i#Śrīmad-Bhāgavatam#/i# and accepting it as the natural commentary on the #i#Vedānta#/i#. Śaṅkara 's commentary on the #i#Vedānta-sūtra#/i#, known as the #i#Śārīraka-bhāṣya#/i#, is very much adored by the impersonalist scholars, but such materialistic commentaries are completely adverse to the transcendental service of the Lord. Consequently Lord Caitanya said that direct commentaries on the #i#Upaniṣads#/i# and #i#Vedānta-sūtra#/i# are glorious, but that anyone who follows the indirect path of Śaṅkarācārya 's #i#Śārīraka-bhāṣya#/i# is certainly doomed.
#$p#Lord Caitanya admitted that Śaṅkarācārya was an incarnation of Lord Śiva, and it is known that Lord Śiva is one of the greatest devotees, a #i#mahājana#/i# of the Bhāgavata school. There are twelve #i#mahājanas#/i#, great authorities on devotional service, and Lord Śiva is one of them. Why, then, did he adopt the process of Māyāvāda philosophy? The answer is given in the #i#Śiva Purāṇa#/i#, where the Supreme Lord tells Śiva:
#dl##dd##i#dvāparādau yuge bhūtvā kalayā mānuṣādiṣu#/i##/dd#
#dd##i#svāgamaiḥ kalpitais tvaṁ ca janān mad-vimukhān kuru#/i##/dd##/dl#
"In the beginning of Kali-yuga, by My order, bewilder the people in general with Māyāvāda philosophy." In the #i#Padma Purāṇa#/i#, Lord Śiva tells his wife Bhagavatī Devī:
#dl##dd##i#māyāvādam asac-chāstraṁ pracchannaṁ bauddham ucyate#/i##/dd#
#dd##i#mayaiva kalpitaṁ devi kalau brāhmaṇa-rūpiṇā#/i##/dd##/dl#
#dl##dd##i#brahmaṇaś cāparaṁ rūpaṁ nirguṇaṁ vakṣyate mayā#/i##/dd#
#dd##i#sarva-svaṁ jagato ’py asya mohanārthaṁ kalau yuge#/i##/dd##/dl#
#dl##dd##i#vedānte tu mahā-śāstre māyāvādam avaidikam#/i##/dd#
#dd##i#mayaiva vakṣyate devi jagatāṁ nāśa-kāraṇāt#/i##/dd##/dl#
"The Māyāvāda philosophy is veiled Buddhism. [In other words, the voidist philosophy of Buddha is more or less repeated in the Māyāvāda philosophy of impersonalism, although the Māyāvādīphilosophers claim to be directed by the Vedic conclusions.] As a #i#brāhmaṇa#/i# boy, I manufacture this philosophy in the Age of Kali to mislead the atheists. Actually, the Supreme Personality of Godhead has His transcendental body, but I describe the Supreme as impersonal. I also explain the #i#Vedānta-sūtra#/i# according to the same principles of Māyāvāda philosophy."
#$p#Lord Śiva continues speaking to Bhāgavatī Devī as follows:
#dl##dd##i#śṛṇu devi pravakṣyāmi tāmasāni yathā-kramam#/i##/dd#
#dd##i#yeṣāṁśravaṇa-mātreṇa pātityaṁ jñāninām api#/i##/dd##/dl#
#dl##dd##i#apārthaṁśruti-vākyānāṁ darśayal̐ loka-garhitam#/i##/dd#
#dd##i#karma-svarūpa-tyājyatvam atra ca pratipadyate#/i##/dd##/dl#
#dl##dd##i#sarva-karma-paribhraṁśān naiṣkarmyaṁ tatra cocyate#/i##/dd#
#dd##i#parātma-jīvayor aikyaṁ mayātra pratipadyate#/i##/dd##/dl#
"My dear Devī, sometimes I teach Māyāvāda philosophy for those who are engrossed in the mode of ignorance. But anyone in the mode of goodness who happens to hear this Māyāvāda philosophy falls down, for when I teach Māyāvāda philosophy I say that the living entity and the Supreme Lord are one and the same."
#$p#Sadānanda Yogīndra, one of the greatest Māyāvādī#i#ācāryas#/i#, has written in his book #i#Vedānta-sāra#/i#: "The Absolute Truth of eternity, knowledge and bliss is Brahman. Ignorance and all products of ignorance are non-Brahman. All products of the three modes of material nature are covered by ignorance, and all are different from the supreme cause and effect. This ignorance is manifested in a collective and individual sense. Collective ignorance is called #i#viśuddha-sattva-pradhāna#/i#. When that #i#viśuddha-sattva-pradhāna#/i# is manifested within the ignorance of material nature, it is called the Lord, and the Lord manifests all kinds of ignorance. Therefore He is known as #i#sarvajña#/i#." Thus according to Māyāvāda philosophy, the Lord is a product of this material nature and the living entity is in the lowest stage of ignorance. That is the sum and substance of Māyāvāda philosophy.
#$p#If, however, we accept the import of the #i#Upaniṣads#/i# directly, it is clear that the Supreme Personality of Godhead is a person with unlimited potency. For example, in the #i#Śvetāśvatara Upaniṣad#/i# it is stated, "The Supreme Personality of Godhead is the origin of everything, and He has multiple potencies. The Supreme Personality of Godhead is transcendental to the cosmic manifestation. He is the origin of all religion, the supreme deliverer, and the possessor of all opulences. I understand the Supreme Personality of Godhead to be just like the sun, profusely distributing His energies while situated beyond the cloud of this material cosmic manifestation. He is the master of masters, and He is the supreme of supremes. He is known as the greatest Lord, the Personality of Godhead. His multiple potencies are variously distributed." Also, the #i#Ṛg Veda#/i# (1.22.20) states that Viṣṇu is the Supreme and that saintly persons are always anxious to see His lotus feet. And in the #i#Aitareya Upaniṣad#/i# it is stated that the cosmic manifestation came about when the Lord glanced over material nature (1.1.1–2). This is confirmed by the #i#Praśna Upaniṣad#/i# (6.3).
#$p#The negative descriptions of the Lord which occur in the Vedic literature (such as #i#apāṇi-pādaḥ#/i#: "the Lord has no hands or feet") indicate that the Lord has no material body and no material form. But He does have His spiritual, transcendental body and His transcendental form. Because the Māyāvādī philosophers misunderstand His transcendental nature, they explain Him as impersonal. The Lord 's name, form, qualities, entourage and abode are all in the transcendental world. How can He be a transformation of this material nature? Everything connected with the Supreme Lord is eternal, blissful and full of knowledge.
#$p#In effect, Śaṅkarācārya preached Māyāvāda philosophy to bewilder a certain type of atheist. Actually he never considered the Supreme Lord, the Personality of Godhead, to be impersonal, without body or form. It is best for intelligent persons to avoid lectures on Māyāvāda philosophy. We should understand that the Supreme Personality of Godhead Viṣṇu is not impersonal. He is a transcendental person, and the basic principle of the cosmic manifestation is His energy. Māyāvāda philosophy cannot trace the energy of the Supreme Lord back to its source, but all Vedic literatures give evidence of the Supreme Lord 's various energetic manifestations. Viṣṇu is not a product of material nature, but material nature is a product of Viṣṇu 's potency. The Māyāvādī philosophers understand Viṣṇu to be a product of material nature, but if Viṣṇu is a product of material nature, He can only be counted among the demigods. One who considers Viṣṇu to be a demigod is certainly mistaken and misled. How this is so is explained in the #i#Bhagavad-gītā#/i# (7.13–14): "Deluded by the three modes of material nature, the whole world does not know Me, who am above the material nature and inexhaustible. My material nature is so powerful that it is very difficult to surpass its spell, even for the greatest scholar, but those who have surrendered unto Me can easily cross beyond it."
#/div# |
Compare previous verse
|
Compare next verse 