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770217 - Conversation - Mayapur

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His Divine Grace
A.C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada




770217R1-MAYAPUR - February 17, 1977 - 93:21 Minutes



Prabhupāda: . . . brainwash or brain-giving that, "This movement is not brainwash; we are brain-giving. Where is your brain? First of all you must have brain; then it is the question of washing. But you have no brain; you do not know what is this life. So we are giving, brain-giving movement, not brainwashing movement." On this point. "Where is your brain? You do not . . . you cannot explain what is the difference between a dead man and a living man. You have got so many big, big scientists, philosophers. You do not know. So where is your brain? First of all put your brain; then it is a question of washing or . . . so it is not brainwashing; it is brain-giving movement. Unfortunately you have no brain; therefore you are misunderstanding." On this point the Bhagavad-gītā will explain. What do you think? "Brainwash or brain-giving?" This should be the heading.

Ādi-keśava: Yes, this is good.

Prabhupāda: So we have to prove that, "You have no brain at all. Your brain is like cats' and dogs'. That is not brain. Even if you are scientist, philosopher, the position of your brain is the same. You do not know what is that thing missing that a living being is dead. You do not know. For centuries in the history you could not answer this. So where is your brain?" On this point discuss you amongst yourselves. Write one article and send, signing your name. Is it not a fact, that "brain-giving" movement? There is no brain. Dhīras tatra na muhyati (BG 2.13). "If you had brain, then you could understand. But you have no brain. Where is the question of washing? It is brain-giving movement." Am I right or wrong?

Pradyumna: Yes.

Ādi-keśava: That's right.

Prabhupāda: "It is not brainwashing, but you have no brain. There is no question of washing. We have to give you brain."

Pradyumna: The brain . . .

Prabhupāda: Brain means proper intelligence. That is brain. Dhīra, sober, that is brain. Anyone who has got brain, he will understand the simple logic, that how the body is changing. There is something, therefore body's changing from childhood to boyhood. And as soon as that important thing is missing—no more change of body, it is a dead matter. So where is your brain to understand this simple truth? Hmm?

Pradyumna: Because it's dulled from sense gratification, they can't under . . .

Prabhupāda: "No, whatever the cause, but you have no brain. Cause may be so many things. But you have no brain to understand the simple truth. Where is your brain? So this movement is not brainwashing. Brain-giving. You have no brain." Therefore śāstra says, sa eva go-kharaḥ (SB 10.84.13). Animal has no brain. They say animal has no soul, but that's not the fact. Animal has no brain. Otherwise, all anatomical, physical, physiological conditions are there. Āhāra-nidrā-bhaya-maithuna. But they have no brain. They cannot understand what is the difference between dead man and living man. That is the distinction between man and animal. But if you cannot understand, then where is your brain? On this point. Actually he has no brain. Sa eva go-kharaḥ. That was the point Arjuna was chastised that, "You rascal, you have no brain. You are lamenting on this body and talking like very learned man." Aśocyān anvaśocas tvaṁ prajñā-vādāṁś ca . . . (BG 2.11). So, the whole world is going on like that. They're talking like very big scientist, big philosopher, very big, big, big, but real thing they do not know. "So where is your brain?" Challenge them like that, "You cannot answer. You are big, big scientist, putting forward 'by combination of chemical . . .' So why don't you combine the chemical and give the dead man to become alive? Where is your brain? You simply say 'combination of chemical,' but you take the chemicals and combine, then we can understand you have got brain. That you cannot do, falsely taking prestigious position that you have got brain. Actually you have no brain. Cheating people." Write articles on this. They have no brain at all. Ghure matha nie uttare suo. (Sleep by keeping your head on the northern side.) In India there is a prejudice that you should not lie down putting your head towards northern side. Whatever truth may be, one man was asked that "Don't keep your head toward northern side." So he answered, "Where is my head? The head is already cut off." So these people are like that. They are making propaganda "brainwash," but where is your brain? Challenge them, "Where is your brain?" Cannot answer this simple thing. "Where is your brain?" Write a strong letter on this point and try to publish it. "If there is brain, there is question of washing or doing something else. But where is your brain? You have no brain." (aside) What is that?

Child: Hanumān.

Prabhupāda: Hmm?

Pradyumna: Hanumān.

Prabhupāda: Oh. (long pause) If we challenge them that, "You have no brain. You cannot answer this," then what will be their answer?

Ādi-keśava: They will say to us, "Well, we have brain, and it is functioning. Otherwise how could I be speaking to you now? How could I even answer you?"

Prabhupāda: But that is, speaking and barking, is the same thing. The dog is also barking. Where is the difference? He is speaking in a different language, that's all. So does it mean the dog has got brain? The dog is barking, and you are speaking. Where is the difference?

Ādi-keśava: They say: "We have art. We have science."

Prabhupāda: Whatever you may have, but you cannot answer the ultimate question. They have got also science, art. A dog can understand that a foreigner is coming, and he begins to bark, "Yow! Yow! Yow!" and the master understands that somebody unknown is coming. You have got that science, that from mile or some, some distant place, you can understand that some unknown person is coming? But dog can understand. He has got this art. He is better intelligent than you. Everyone has got some particular. That does not mean there is brain. Brain means to understand the problem of life. That is brain.

Devotee: But ultimately our intelligence comes from scripture and Kṛṣṇa.

Prabhupāda: No, that . . . apart from scripture, logic, argument come. Scripture we take. That is our business. But you answer on common ground. Where is the difference why there is dead man and alive? What is your answer? Set aside scripture.

Ādi-keśava: That, they say, is beyond our intelligence.

Prabhupāda: That means you are not intelligent. That is the proof. "Beyond your intelligence"—that means your intelligence is not yet perfect. You're lacking in brain. (aside) I see so many workers simply loitering. They are doing nothing. What can be done? So many. Simply they are taking money, doing nothing. I see. There is nobody to see. They take advantage. Seventy-five percent of the workers, they are doing nothing.

But the Gītā explains that within this body there is something. Not body itself is moving, but dehinaḥ asmin dehe. Within this body there is the real power, dehī, who has got this body. That is there. And because he is there, the body is changing. They cannot understand. No brain, exactly like the dogs and cats. The dog cannot understand that, "Within my body, I am." They cannot understand. Therefore you are no better than dogs. And actual fact is you are not this body; you are within this. It is a dress. In so many ways Bhagavad-gītā teaches, but you have no brain. Then where is brainwashing? You have no brain to understand your real position.

Devotee: Ah. They say . . . when they say brainwashing, they think they're losing their intelligence by our movement. But actually they have no intelligence to begin with.

Prabhupāda: No begin . . .

Devotee: If we prove that . . .

Prabhupāda: Yes.

Devotee: They have no intelligence, again. Where is the question . . .?

Prabhupāda: So you have to prove brainwashing.

Ādi-keśava: They complain of loss of identity, but actually that loss of identity, they don't know who they are.

Prabhupāda: Yes.

Ādi-keśava: So what can they lose?

Prabhupāda: Yes.

Ādi-keśava: So we'll challenge them like that, "What is this loss of identity? You don't have anything to lose."

Prabhupāda: "Who are you? What is your identification? That you do not know. Rather, we are teaching that identifying yourself with this body, you have lost your identity. That is brain." (pause) "If you say 'beyond our intelligence,' that means you have no brain. And we can explain. Therefore we have got brain." (pause) "You have so many technical insti . . ." That I challenged in the MT (MIT) "Where is your . . . that technology that when a dead man is stopped, you can replace life by technology? Where is that department?" They could not answer. Technology means the car has stopped. Go to the expert—he will repair it and do the needful, again you will run on. That is technology. And where is that technology? As soon as you say: "Beyond our intelligence," then don't talk nonsense. Your intelligence is not perfect. So where is your brain? This very point will solve. "You have no brain."

Hari-śauri: (aside) Put this thing on "pause." (break)

Ādi-keśava: We could have our scientists make some study also.

Prabhupāda: They have already studied. They can explain.

Ādi-keśava: And perhaps we can include something that they are saying. Right now they are making one article to show that this description they have of brainwashing has nothing to do with chanting Hare Kṛṣṇa, that it is not even the same process. We saw one book that the psychiatrist sometimes quotes from, and in the book they had pictures of people at a Christian prayer meeting, and they were falling over and holding snakes, poisonous snakes. And they think that we are doing the same thing. So we're also trying to establish that this has nothing to do with our Kṛṣṇa consciousness or chanting Hare Kṛṣṇa.

Prabhupāda: Are we . . . why this analogy? Are we taking the snake?

Ādi-keśava: They say it is the same thing.

Prabhupāda: "Why you do say?"

Ādi-keśava: Because they don't know.

Prabhupāda: Ah then, "Why do you say that, which is not the fact? Are we taking snake? So why do you falsely say?"

Ādi-keśava: They say: "Well, you chant and dance."

Prabhupāda: So that does not mean they are taking snake. "You are so rascal that you are falsely charging. Everything is based on false charges."

Ādi-keśava: Oh, yes.

Prabhupāda: You have to prove that, that "Where we are taking snake?" Analogy must be given when there is similarity. Where is? Are we taking the snake and dancing?

Ādi-keśava: No. (laughs) We're not doing this.

Prabhupāda: Then why this analogy? This is defective analogy.

Ādi-keśava: It is their ignorance.

Prabhupāda: Yes, and you are rascal. You are bringing something which is not the fact. First of all find out the similarity, then you can say: "It is like that." Where is the similarity?

Ādi-keśava: There is none.

Prabhupāda: This is false logic. Analogy means the points of similarity. Then you can make analogy. The moon is beautiful, and if one's face is very beautiful, you can say: "This face is as beautiful as the moon." But if it is ugly, black, then how you can make that, "This face is as beautiful as the moon"? Where is the analogy?

Ādi-keśava: No analogy.

Prabhupāda: Analogy means points of similarity.

Ādi-keśava: Most of their charges are like that. They are based on misconceptions about our movement. They say that, for instance, that we do not eat enough or sleep enough. Yet we have studies from their own scientists that say that our diet is good.

Prabhupāda: How we are living if our diet is not good? Ten years we are not eating sufficiently? Then how we are living? You do not know what is good food. But the result you have to know. If we are not eating sufficiently, how we are living? A cow eats so much grass, and a human being eats a small plate. So if the cow says: "You are not eating sufficient like me," is that logic?

Ādi-keśava: No, it is not logic.

Prabhupāda: So you are just like cows and asses. (laughter) You eat voraciously. Does it mean I have to eat voraciously?

Ādi-keśava: No.

Prabhupāda: In your calculation it may be that we are eating very small particle. But that is not the fact. We are eating sufficiently. That means you have no brain. Because you are eating raw meat, flesh, and you see that we are eating fruits, you say: "This is not sufficient." It is your calculation. Actually the fruits are meant for high-class, intelligent men. It is not meant for cats and dogs or elephant. Elephant may be very good eater. Does it mean he is human being? So you are just like elephant. You are calculating your other friends like you. (pause)

Ādi-keśava: Sometimes, when they are making their statements, we wonder how they can be so unintelligent, how they can be so mistaken as to what is the goal of this movement.

Prabhupāda: So you explain. Then Kṛṣṇa can do.

Ādi-keśava: They're always accusing us that we are the cheaters. But every time, when we answer them, they are exposed cheaters. They are shown to be the ones that really don't know, yet they're all saying that they know.

Prabhupāda: It is a good chance for explaining our mission. You should very carefully do it. (pause) Finish. Lay it down. (break) (devotee enters and offers obeisances) I was talking with Ādi-keśava that, "There is no question of brainwash, but you have no brain." You have to prove. "How I have no brain?" "Because you do not know what is the difference between a dead man and living man. For centuries in the history, you people, you had no brain that whether the body is important or the active principle which is working within the body, that is important. You have no brain." Challenge them. Which one is important? The body's important or the active principle which is moving the body, that is important? What is important? Hmm?

Tripurāri: Active principle, the soul.

Prabhupāda: So what information you have got about the active principle?

Tripurāri: They have no information.

Tamāla Kṛṣṇa: No information.

Prabhupāda: Then there is no brain. Where is question of brainwash? You have no brain at all.

Tamāla Kṛṣṇa: They'll say that they have so much science and culture.

Prabhupāda: Whatever it may be, but you do not know what is important. Science . . . I understand science is very important. And the Professor Einstein, a great scientist, as soon as the active principle is gone, you kick on the face of the professor—and he is not seeing. So which is important, the face of Mr. Einstein or the active principle within that? Have you gotten any information? Then where is your brain?

Tamāla Kṛṣṇa: The different scriptures like the Bible say that there is a soul.

Prabhupāda: Don't bring now scripture. We are talking in common sense, common sense, that within . . . you cannot understand it. Therefore where is your brain? The dog also cannot understand. He's simply identifying with this body, and you are also doing that. So where is your brain? Man is rational animal. Where is your rationality? If you avoid rationality, you are as good as dog. Where is your brain? Argue on this point. Dog . . . if one big dog is thinking, "I am greyhound " or "This big body I am . . ." The lion also thinking, "I am so powerful. I am this body." So I am also thinking like that, "I am American, very rich." But both of them—no understanding that how you are powerful, why you are powerful, what is that active principle. Then where is your brain? Why man is important than the animal? It is common sense. So it is not brainwashing, but it is giving brain, this movement. They have no brain at all. So argue on this point. Our challenge is that, "You have no brain. Where is the question of brainwash? You cannot understand this simple thing, which is important."

Tamāla Kṛṣṇa: "We say that there is nothing after this lifetime. When the body's dead, that's it."

Prabhupāda: Apart from that, first of all you have to distinguish that what is important. The active principle within the body that is working, that is important? Or the superficial body structure is important?

Tamāla Kṛṣṇa: They say there is no difference.

Prabhupāda: There is difference, and therefore you have no brain.

Tamāla Kṛṣṇa: The body itself is active, not that there is something in the body making it act. The blood, the brains—this is part of the body.

Prabhupāda: Then what is this position of this body? Active . . . just like this table is not active.

Tamāla Kṛṣṇa: No. It has no brain, no mind.

Prabhupāda: So then we have to accept that the body has got mind in the body. So that is material or something else?

Tamāla Kṛṣṇa: Material.

Prabhupāda: Material. Then why don't you replace it? Replace it. Material things can be replaced. Just like motor stop, so you go to the gas house and repair. You cannot do it?

Tamāla Kṛṣṇa: We are duplicating. We're duplicating the situation.

Prabhupāda: What is that duplication?

Tamāla Kṛṣṇa: In the test tube. We are beginning to make life.

Prabhupāda: That is nonsense. Therefore you have no brain. "In test tube . . ." Kick aside your test tube. This man is now not working, it is stopped. So bring your test tube and waste test tube. Get him alive, exactly like the motorcar. When there is no petrol—you replace petrol, it starts. So where is that material? Therefore you are comparing something which is not analogous. Therefore you have no brain.

Tamāla Kṛṣṇa: Just because we cannot make the mind doesn't mean that the mind is not material. I may not make it, but still we say it's . . .

Prabhupāda: No, you say material; we say . . . we have full knowledge. We say material, but subtle material. But you have no knowledge; therefore you have no brain.

Tamāla Kṛṣṇa: "What proof is there?" they may argue.

Prabhupāda: This is the proof. Now, if the real active principle has left, the brain has left, the mind has left—it is only a lump. You cannot understand. If you understand it, then replace it. If you cannot, then you have no brain. You have to prove that, that "You have no brain at all. Where is the question of brainwashing?"

Hari-śauri: But if we operate on a person's brain, actual brain substance, it affects his personality. So therefore the personality in the brain is the same.

Prabhupāda: Whatever you know, you give this man brain, mind, and again let him get up and work. I want this.

Ādi-keśava: Again they'll say that's still beyond their knowledge.

Prabhupāda: "Then you have no brain," say. My point is that you have no brain. As soon as you say, "beyond my . . ." then that means you have no brain.

Tamāla Kṛṣṇa: But that means just that our brain is not as good as it could be. It doesn't mean we have no . . .

Prabhupāda: That means you have no brain.

Tamāla Kṛṣṇa: Just like a child has a brain but is not very intelligent, so we have brains . . .

Prabhupāda: Brain means intelligent. Brain does not mean dull-headed. This man has brain, then he's intelligent. Proof is he has got intelligence.

Tamāla Kṛṣṇa: By brain, you mean intelligence.

Prabhupāda: Yes.

Ādi-keśava: Otherwise you could say the dog has intelligence.

Prabhupāda: Yes.

Ādi-keśava: The dog has a brain.

Prabhupāda: The dog has also brain, "Where there is food? Where there is sex?" He has got brain. But not that brain. That brain, everyone has got. Even a small fly, it has got. So think over like that and place very intelligently in the court. That . . . prove that, "You have no brain at all. This movement is giving, brain-giving, not brainwashing." You have to prove. Not brainwashing but brain-giving.

Tamāla Kṛṣṇa: We can say it from our own realization.

Prabhupāda: Yes. Dhīras tatra na muhyati (BG 2.13). Then one who has got brain, he immediately understands. But you have no brain. We have to make you understand in so many ways; still you do not understand. So where is your brain? Anyone has brain, he will understand that when I say that, "This man is dead," something has gone out of his body. Anyone can understand.

Tamāla Kṛṣṇa: But you have not seen that something.

Prabhupāda: See or not, I can see. Why this man is dead? Something is missing.

Tamāla Kṛṣṇa: Well, it's just like a machine.

Prabhupāda: Machine you can replace. Why you bring this . . .? Therefore you have no brain! It is completely different thing. If it is machine . . . machine it is.

Tamāla Kṛṣṇa: Machine breaks down.

Prabhupāda: Breaks down, you can repair.

Hari-śauri: Well, if it's a different thing, why don't you pro . . . you say it's a different thing.

Prabhupāda: "Different thing" means you do not know what is that difference.

Hari-śauri: Well, you say you do know, so why don't you produce it and put it back in the body and make it work?

Prabhupāda: Huh?

Hari-śauri: You say you do know what that thing is, so why don't you produce it . . .

Prabhupāda: Yes, I know, but I say it cannot be replaced.

Hari-śauri: Hmm.

Prabhupāda: I know it. And you are rascal. You say: "It can be replaced. It can be . . . we are trying, even after millions of years . . ." Therefore you have no brain. We say it cannot be replaced. It is gone. It has accepted another body. We say like that. We don't say that it can be brought again and then replaced. We don't say that. Therefore we have got a brain. You have no brain. Just like motorcar stops. The driver has gone to another. And if a rascal finds out how it can be run without that driver, then he has no brain. And one who has brain—"Here the driver has gone. Now it cannot be run"—that is brain. You falsely trying. Driver has gone out, and you are trying to run on the car by putting petrol, by putting grease, by utilizing . . . that means you have no brain. Uselessly you are trying. That means you have no brain. I have got brain. Tathā dehāntara-prāptir dhīras tatra na muhyati (BG 2.13).

Tamāla Kṛṣṇa: How will your movement give anybody brains?

Prabhupāda: As other things are giving brain. Just like a dull, a dull child is educated and he passes M.A. examination. He becomes very intelligent person by education. This is their education. Even if you have no brain, I can give you brain. So it is not brainwashing, it is brain-giving. But because you are rascal, you'll not accept.

Tamāla Kṛṣṇa: This will not be very popular with the common people, to be told . . .

Prabhupāda: Huh?

Tamāla Kṛṣṇa: People will not very much appreciate being told they have no brains.

Prabhupāda: Actually it is that. "No intelligence," you can say.

Tamāla Kṛṣṇa: No intelligence. That'll be . . .

Ādi-keśava: But we can say that . . . their accusation is that one loses identity. They say we are brainwashing, lose our identity.

Prabhupāda: Then you do not know what is your identity.

Ādi-keśava: So they don't know that identity.

Prabhupāda: You are falsely identifying with this body. You do not know. Therefore you have no brain or intelligence.

Tamāla Kṛṣṇa: What would you have us identify with? How would you have us identify?

Prabhupāda: Identify that the thing which has gone out of this body. That is your identity.

Tamāla Kṛṣṇa: What is that?

Prabhupāda: That is that soul.

Tamāla Kṛṣṇa: Nobody can see the soul.

Prabhupāda: That does not mean there is no thing. At night, suppose if you, at night you don't find any light, you can understand that there is no . . . (indistinct) . . . otherwise at night this is darkness. If there is somebody, they would put on the light.

Hari-śauri: Symptoms of life.

Prabhupāda: Yes.

Ādi-keśava: So those people who may not want to hear that, they are not . . .

Prabhupāda: That is another thing, rascal. A dog will not hear but that does not mean he has brain or he has intelligence.

Tamāla Kṛṣṇa: That's the proof he's a dog. (laughs)

Prabhupāda: That he's a dog. So we are not going to give any credit to the dogs and cats. So you have to fight like this. Think over. There are different brain. Just like in Chicago I said . . .

Tamāla Kṛṣṇa: Woman's brain.

Prabhupāda: Woman's brain and man's brain.

Tamāla Kṛṣṇa: Half the size.

Prabhupāda: That is the . . . that difference is intelligence.

Tamāla Kṛṣṇa: They were very upset.

Prabhupāda: Upset . . . that's a fact.

Tamāla Kṛṣṇa: Imagine how upset they'll be when you tell them that, "You have no intelligence. No brains." They were upset over half the size brain.

Prabhupāda: No. Anyone can understand there are different kinds of intelligence.

Tamāla Kṛṣṇa: But they say: "You are the most unintelligent because you do no practical work. Simply sit and chanting Hare Kṛṣṇa, Hare Kṛṣṇa . . ."

Tripurāri: We do all practical work. Come and see. They can't say that we don't do practical work in society.

Prabhupāda: That is rascal, cāparāsī, in the court. He'll think that, "High-court judge is simply sitting. He's getting four thousand, and I am getting twelve rupees, although I am working hard day and night." That is cāparāsī made, it is not high-court judge's. Cāparāsī will think like that, that, "He's sitting simply from ten to two o'clock and doing nothing, simply sitting idly, and sometimes speaking something, and he's getting four thousand. And actually I am working hard day and night and getting twelve rupees?"

Tripurāri: Envious. Just envious. (break)

Prabhupāda: Why he said dhīra, sober, cool-headed? These rascals are cats and dog. They are not civilized. Even big, big professors, they say: "Swami, after finishing this body, everything is finished." Has he got brain? And they're Communist leader. Identifying with this body. This is the actual platform of that body, dehātma-buddhiḥ. And they're described in the śāstra as no better than the asses. So next point will be that where you think beyond your capacity, we begin our education from there, seeing the whole . . . (indistinct) . . . our education begins from that. First of all try to understand what is spirit. Then it will be . . . and our whole process is how to transfer one person from material platform to the spiritual. Therefore they are thinking "brainwash." The fools, they cannot understand where our education begins. Where they have failed, we begin from there. Where they are disappointed that, "This cannot be answered," so on, we begin from there. So who is intelligent? We are intelligent or they are? We are trying to bring man from this gross misunderstanding, misidentification platform, to come to the spiritual platform. Then he understands what is spiritual kingdom, the spiritual life that is eternal, blissful. Then he will understand. And that is all new to these dull-headed rascals. And they are thinking . . . it is the same, different subject matter.

Hari-śauri: Actually, it's a complete development of consciousness.

Prabhupāda: Yes. Different platform, different field.

Ādi-keśava: We can say that, to the common people, "These persons who are saying that, 'You're being brainwashed,' 'You are losing your identity,' they are cheating you, because actually you don't know what your identity is. You have no identity, and they're telling you that you already know."

Prabhupāda: And therefore I say: "They have no brains. Where is the question of brainwash?"

Hari-śauri: Yes. They say: "Think for yourself," but they don't know what themselves are. They don't know "Who am I," so how can they think for themselves?

Prabhupāda: That you have to prove that, "You have no brain, no intelligence. Therefore you are finding out completely different. On which platform we are speaking, you do not know. So that platform, first of all you have to distinguish—it is matter or spirit? Then spiritual. You have no idea what is spirit and where is spiritual platform. Therefore Kṛṣṇa begins from this point, that the spirit is within, not this body. That is your identity."

Tamāla Kṛṣṇa: That has to be stressed.

Prabhupāda: That has to be understood, and therefore He's explaining in so many ways. Nityaḥ śāśvato 'yaṁ na hanyate hanyamāne śarīre (BG 2.20). This one word, na hanyate hanyamāne śarīre, he cannot understand it, "The body's finished, everything's finished," these rascal professors. And Kṛṣṇa says, na hanyate hanyamāne (BG 2.20), "Don't think it is finished. It is there." Who will understand it? It requires a special brain. These rascals say: "Now everything's finished. The body's finished." But Kṛṣṇa says: "No, no, no. Not finished." Who will understand this, unless he has got a very good brain? And our education begins from that point. These rascal, when they are disappointed—"Bās, finished"—we begin from there. Na hanyate hanyamāne (BG 2.20). It is not finished. It is there. Where it is? Dehāntara-prāptiḥ (BG 2.13): he has taken another body. A man is sleeping; he has taken another body— he's jumping on the tree. How we can see? It's a fact. He has forgotten that, "I am on a nice bed," and he's somewhere else. How it is? You see that he is sleeping, that he's not working. But he is working. Where is that brain? And it is a fact. I see the man is sleeping, but he has gone somewhere else. That is our daily experience. You cannot see it, where he has gone. He has gone to the jungle. He's seeing there is a tiger, and he's crying, "Tiger! Tiger!" You cannot see; so why he's crying? So how can you see his activities? You have no such eyes. You cannot see even how the subtle body is working, and what to speak of the soul. He's dreaming means his subtle body, mind, is working, and therefore, within the mind, he is seeing some tiger and he's crying, "Oh, here is tiger! Save me! Save me! Save me!" And the man in the gross, he cannot see, "Where is tiger?" You cannot see, it does not mean that he does not see. And that is another brainless proposal, "You cannot see." What you can see?

Hari-śauri: But then they could argue that actually the dream is just imagination. When the man wakes up, then he's back in reality.

Prabhupāda: Whatever it may be, it is acting on him. You cannot see how it is acting. That is not possible. You cannot see how it is acting, but it is acting.

Ādi-keśava: So that proves there must be something beyond the gross plane.

Prabhupāda: Yes. But your conclusion—"I cannot see"—that is brainless. That is brainless proposal. You depend on your seeing, but you cannot see. So many things are happening. That, your proposal, is brainless. That means you have no sufficient brain to see things as they are. Take this point and consider. Place in the court. It will be very interesting. Case will prolong, and we can disclose our all philosophy. Is it not?

Tripurāri: Yes.

Prabhupāda: Do that. Think deeply, over and over again, and fight. What is your seeing? Useless. What you can see? You cannot see beyond this wall. Does it mean there is nothing? Why you depend on your seeing, rascal? That means brainless. So I take it it is good opportunity for describing our whole philosophy.

Tamāla Kṛṣṇa: Kṛṣṇa's arrangement.

Prabhupāda: Don't take it otherwise. Rather, prove yourself efficient in this subject matter. This is a trial examination for this knowledge.

Tamāla Kṛṣṇa: Jaya. (devotees offer obeisances) (break)

Prabhupāda: Ask question. I shall give answer. (break)

Brahmānanda: They say that we have no personal choice. Once we become . . . join this movement, they have no longer any personal choice.

Prabhupāda: So we are all fools, we have joined?

Satsvarūpa: We were taken advantage of. Young boys, they don't know, and they're just taken advantage of.

Prabhupāda: That is . . .

Ādi-keśava: . . . (indistinct)

Prabhupāda: Yes.

Brahmānanda: They have formed a group, the deprogrammers, called "Return to Personal Choice."

Prabhupāda: By force. (laughter) This is personal choice?

Ādi-keśava: This is a picture of them returning someone to their personal choice. This is a manual.

Prabhupāda: "I force you. You accept this"—your personal choice.

Ādi-keśava: That is them returning someone to personal choice. You see them dragging them off.

Brahmānanda: That's the mother.

Tamāla Kṛṣṇa: This is the mother, the father and the kidnappers.

Prabhupāda: This is personal choice.

Ādi-keśava: They're saying: "You do not know what is your personal choice. You have forgotten. Now it is brainwashed away. Otherwise you would remember. So we are doing this for your own good." They call it "rescuing." They say that "We are rescuing him from this Hare Kṛṣṇa."

Prabhupāda: So everyone can say by force to do something is good.

Ādi-keśava: They say that, "You don't know your own choice. You have lost your memory of what is real choice."

Prabhupāda: So the people will accept this is choice? By force?

Brahmānanda: Well, they feel that this is what the parents want, so the parents are justified in doing this to their children. The parent has the right to dictate what should be the choice of the child.

Prabhupāda: How long?

Tamāla Kṛṣṇa: Unlimitedly. No age limit. They asked, "Supposing your child is fifty years old." The mother said: "It doesn't matter how old. Even fifty years old. If they have lost their brains from this brainwashing, then . . ."

Prabhupāda: But is that the law of the country?

Tripurāri: There is a law to protect senile people. Sometimes when a man gets old and becomes senile, he may have a lot of money and not know how to use it. So they have given a law that the parents can take charge of such a person, so that he doesn't misspend his money.

Tamāla Kṛṣṇa: Also they have this conservatorship law.

Ādi-keśava: That is the law. Now they are applying this law to us, because the law says . . . most of the laws that are written, it says that anyone who is of unsound mind, of unsound body, who is addicted to drugs or who may be fooled by artful and designing persons, that this person can be put under conservatorship. That means that someone else takes control of your affairs and tells you, "You must do this." So they put you in a mental hospital, and then they can do this so-called deprogramming. Now they are making new laws. Just before we came here there was a law in one state, they proposed, where anyone, not just the parents or the family, but anyone who wanted to could get this kind of control over any other person, and then the law said: "For any reason whatsoever."

Tamāla Kṛṣṇa: This is a . . .

Ādi-keśava: This book is a manual that was prepared by the American Civil Liberties Union. They had a big conference in our support in New York. This is accounts of deprogramming, newspaper articles, reports from authorities, personal accounts of people who have been through this "Return to personal choice," describing how they were dragged and beaten and locked up and tortured and starved in order to make them real, whole materialists again—free. They even have in there one manual. They have a do-it-yourself deprogramming book. It teaches how to take someone and make them into an atheist.

Tripurāri: Exactly what they accuse us of doing, they are doing.

Satsvarūpa: Then also they have testimonies of people who went through this and said: "I am very glad that I was rescued by force, because now I am free." So this is more like damaging . . .

Brahmānanda: In fact many who were deprogrammed have then joined the deprogrammers. Even there are some of our devotees of Hare Kṛṣṇa, they are now going around and deprogramming. They're working for the deprogrammers.

Ādi-keśava: They have their own guru. This Ted Patrick has become their guru, and then they have a whole organization built around him. They are now getting donations. They have a . . . they're a nonprofit corporation, they have established a $100,000 . . .

Prabhupāda: He's in jail . . .?

Ādi-keśava: Yes. Their guru is in jail. Ted Patrick was just . . . he got out of jail, but he so much wanted to do this deprogramming that he went, and they caught him, and they put him back in jail again. And now he's in for one year, back in the jail. But they are going on with this activity without him. He has trained so many other people up.

Tripurāri: The deprogrammers have been disbanded in Canada. Canada will not allow.

Ādi-keśava: We got big newspaper coverage in Canada where one devotee from our temple in Boston, who was . . . her sister and mother have become witnesses in my trial, in my case. So they were threatening her. They wanted to take her and put her in the mental hospital. So she went to Canada and said: "I am seeking political asylum here in Canada so that I can be safeguarded." So the Americans went to Canada, and they said: "Oh, you Canadians, how can you be doing . . . how you are doing this? You are such fools." The Canadians don't like the Americans at all, so they told the Americans, "Get out," and they kept our devotees protected on this. And by an act of their Parliament they excluded the deprogrammers from Canada. They said: "You cannot come to our country." So now they are protecting our devotees, saying: "We are giving protection because America will not give them protection."

Tripurāri: Political asylum.

Ādi-keśava: And they're getting great satisfaction from being able to say that. (laughter)

Tripurāri: The devotee's mother in this particular case said: "I would rather see my daughter dead than being a devotee of Kṛṣṇa."

Tamāla Kṛṣṇa: She said that. That was the papers.

Brahmānanda: That was a headline in the newspaper, "My daughter should better be dead than to be Hare Kṛṣṇa."

Hari-śauri: That's for her own good.

Prabhupāda: Sunchen to, Americar badha hocche eta. Did you hear! (These are the obstacles in America.)

Guest: (indistinct Bengali) . . . yekhanei hoy, badha to porbei. (wherever it is, there must be obstacles.) (break)

Tripurāri: People involved in this deprogramming have read most of the books. They have read and studied, and when they try to deprogram someone they quote from the books different things. So is it that they can't understand this philosophy even though they're reading it, or they just don't want to understand it? Just like this man Ted Patrick. He has read so many of the books.

Prabhupāda: How . . .? What does he say about our books?

Satsvarūpa: One time I heard he challenged a devotee, "Where is your Lord Nṛsiṁha-deva now to save you?" And also, "We have heard that if the Lord is blasphemed, you're supposed to either give up your life or leave the place, so why don't you do? Or cut out the tongue . . . cut out my tongue. So why don't you do that now?"

Ādi-keśava: They used that as one legal argument. They said that one of our devotees should be put in the mental hospital for his own protection, because otherwise he would go and kill himself. And the court said: "Why is that?" They said: "Well, because in their books it says that if a devotee hears someone blaspheming the spiritual master or Kṛṣṇa, then they have to commit suicide."

Prabhupāda: No, they will argue on so many things.

Ādi-keśava: "Or cut their tongue out." They said: "Either they will cut my tongue out or they will kill themself. So either way, they should be put in a mental hospital."

Prabhupāda: No, or you go away from that place.

Ādi-keśava: In one case they were reading Fifth Canto of Śrīmad-Bhāgavatam about the hellish planets. And they were reading to her, and they read how one who is too much attached to women, how they would have to embrace the form of a hot molten metal form of a woman. And so they were saying: "So do you think this is going to happen to us? Do you think this is going to . . ." challenging like that, and she was saying: "Yes, actually you should be afraid." But they were saying, "Actually . . ." They were going through each section of the Bhāgavatam and reading it and saying: "What about this? Do you really believe this? Do you really believe that the moon is farther away than the sun? (laughter) Do you really believe that they didn't go to the moon?"

Tamāla Kṛṣṇa: Or the moon is made of jewels.

Ādi-keśava: Oh, they ask all these questions.

Tamāla Kṛṣṇa: That one was a headline.

Tripurāri: "Hare Kṛṣṇas think the moon is made of jewels."

Tamāla Kṛṣṇa: They asked that to Balavanta on national television, to explain how it is possible.

Prabhupāda: So how to rectify it? They have not gone to the moon.

Tamāla Kṛṣṇa: That's what Balavanta told them. He said: "You have your ideas, and we have ours. We're not stopping you from having yours, so why do you stop us from having ours? As far as we're concerned, we have as much evidence as you. Your authorities say you went, and our authorities say you didn't go. And anybody can make a movie to show that you went to Jupiter or Saturn or any other planet. Movies . . . they can make King Kong. So we don't accept it, but we don't stop you from having your beliefs. But don't force us to say: 'Yes, you went to the moon.' " He answered nicely.

Prabhupāda: No, "Actually when there is some news about the moon planet, I personally did not go with him. So how shall I believe him? From this practical point of view, I did not go. You publish something, news, I accept it. If you say that 'I did not go,' er, 'I did not see,' that is everything. We believe some paper, that's all." So why shall we not believe the Vedic literature?

Tamāla Kṛṣṇa: Look at the difference of the writers. The writer of the newspaper is a fool.

Prabhupāda: Vedic literature is so authoritative. It has been accepted by the ācāryas.

Tripurāri: So they are reading our books, but they do not believe that they're not the body, so many foolish people. They read, but they don't believe that they're not the body. They think it's just fantasy.

Prabhupāda: What do they believe?

Tripurāri: They believe that they're just a body, and then to enjoy the body till death, and then nothing. You present such nice philosophy, but they would rather think that they were just a bag of bones.

Tamāla Kṛṣṇa: This Ted Patrick says that celibacy is a sign of insanity. He kidnaps nuns, priests . . . anybody who takes celibate vow, he says he is not in his right mind.

Brahmānanda: He took one of our devotees and brought him to the naked dance shows and even hired prostitutes to go with him.

Ādi-keśava: I asked him once, I said: "If you had a chance . . ."

Prabhupāda: You saw him?

Tamāla Kṛṣṇa: On television. Ādi-keśava was on television with him.

Ādi-keśava: I said to him, "If you had a chance to deprogram the Pope, would you do it?" He said: "Oh, definitely. I'd love to."

Tamāla Kṛṣṇa: If the Pope was celibate.

Prabhupāda: (looking at photo in manual) Who is this boy?

Ādi-keśava: A karmī. He's from another group. That boy in the front, he is taking the person. They're holding some girl. He is from another group, I think, some Christian group. There was an article in the New York Times where they went and watched one whole deprogramming experiment, and at the end of the experiment they wrote this article showing pictures of them taking the person, dragging him out of the building, throwing him in cars. And then later they held one public deprogramming in Detroit. But our devotees went to that public deprogramming and began to ask them all kinds of questions, and they had to abandon the program because we caused so much trouble for them. All the . . . a lot of the Indian community went there and began to ask them, "What are you doing to this person?" They were giving a demonstration of their techniques, and they had to stop. So this is one picture they took while they were actually abducting the person. Just like in the case of New York, this one girl, Mūrtivandya, she was taken. They pulled up in a van, in a car, and dragged her off the street, threw her in the van and drove away. And then, when we filed charges for kidnapping, they turned around and filed the charges against me for kidnapping, saying that we were the kidnappers. Even though they had made a statement confessing to the fact that they had abducted her bodily off the street and she said: "I have been kidnapped," they said: "No, you don't know what you really want. You don't really want to be a Hare Kṛṣṇa. So you are really being kidnapped by Hare Kṛṣṇa."

Tripurāri: They say the Hare Kṛṣṇas are the hardest to deprogram out of all the groups. They say Hare Kṛṣṇas give the hardest time.

Brahmānanda: They also say that once you've been a Hare Kṛṣṇa for four years, then your brains are finished and you cannot be deprogrammed.

Tamāla Kṛṣṇa: You're a hopeless then. (laughter)

Ādi-keśava: On the TV show they were speaking with Ted Patrick, and they said: "Well, could you deprogram someone?" And he turned to Vasu-gopāla and said: "I could deprogram him very easily. But . . ." He looked at me and he said: "This one, he is already ruined. I could not break him."

Tamāla Kṛṣṇa: He has no more brains.

Ādi-keśava: We have a list in there, in that book, of the devotees who have been deprogrammed. And in our movement, unlike most of the others, about two-thirds of the devotees taken have come back. More have come back from our movement than any of the others. They take other groups ten to one over us, because our devotees generally return. Only the new, the very most neophyte devotees, do they actually leave. They have never had some experience of taking a devotee who's been for two years or three years or four years in our movement. They have never left and stayed away. They've always come back.

Tamāla Kṛṣṇa: Usually the way they come back is that they . . . after being deprogrammed, someone is living out in the material world, and then they meet a devotee on book distribution. So by getting a book, they see the pictures of Kṛṣṇa, and immediately they start to remember, and they tell the devotee, "Please take me back to the temple." This Vasu-gopāla, who's case Ādi-keśava is connected with now in New York, he had been deprogrammed, and he was going through the Washington, D.C. Dulles Airport, and suddenly someone met him on book distribution and gave him a book, sell him a book. He took a look at the Kṛṣṇa book and said: "Take me immediately to the temple."

Ādi-keśava: He said: "I should be selling the books, not buying the book, so take me to the temple." And immediately he came to the temple.

Tamāla Kṛṣṇa: They dealt very horribly with him. In this book . . . Ted Patrick has written a book which is popular seller now, about . . . it is called . . .

Brahmānanda: Let Our Children Go.

Tamāla Kṛṣṇa: Let Our Children Go. He has written a book, this Ted Patrick, called Let Our Children Go. And there's a chapter about Hare Kṛṣṇa movement, especially about this boy Vasu-gopāla. And it's just terrible how he describes the whole process of deprogramming, how much abuse he had to use on this boy. He even admits to using abuse. And right now the government is giving protection to a great extent to these abusers, saying that it is for the person's well-being that this abuse is being done.

Ādi-keśava: They say that it's a family matter. They say: "We don't want to interfere with a family matter. It's family argument. Just like the husband and wife quarreling, we wouldn't interfere, or the father and son fighting, we wouldn't interfere. So this is a family matter."

Tamāla Kṛṣṇa: One recent case in Texas, I think I may have told Your Divine Grace, how the father killed his son while his son was sleeping, and the court said: "It is all right, because the father has so many feelings this boy was going bad, we should not interfere," even to the point of murdering his son. The court let him go. So this tendency is there now in the legal system. It's very lenient towards the parents, not towards the children.

Brahmānanda: Generally when the child is kidnapped, the parent is always present. And when they have the deprogramming torture session, the parent is also present.

Tamāla Kṛṣṇa: And in fact, the persons who do a lot of the torturing are relatives.

Ādi-keśava: Just like in this case of Vasu-gopāla. When he was held in his house, he managed to get to the phone and call me. So we went out to his house with some of the brahmacārīs from the temple and starting breaking all the windows in the house and smacking down the doors. And as he was running around the house, his brothers and friends were grabbing him and throwing him down against the walls, and they locked him in a room to try to get him away from us, and they were fighting. But finally, they say in Ted Patrick's book, they thought there were twenty-five of us. There were only four of us or five of us. So finally, in the end, they were so terrified that all of them began to fight. Even this Ted Patrick came at me with a straight razor. So they, er . . . in those cases, generally, they use the family members for the fighting.

Tamāla Kṛṣṇa: This clouds the issue in the courtroom, because everyone naturally feels very sympathetic towards the fathers and mothers. So always . . . these deprogrammers are very intelligent. They personally try to avoid the physical part, so they get the parents to do it.

Ādi-keśava: And then, if the person strikes out at the parent, they say: "Just see how crazy he's become!" Just like with Vasu-gopāla, he took a stick and hit his mother across the head and ran out shouting the name of Nṛsiṁha-deva as they were holding him captive, so he could run away. And so they said: "Just see how crazy he's become that he hit his own mother." Of course, the fact is they didn't mention they locked him in the bathroom for thirty hours just before. They kept him in a little bathroom. They locked the door, put him in there for thirty hours. All they mentioned is that he came out and hit her on the head with some stick. So then they say: "Just see! He's acting against his parents." So then the judge says: "Oh, what can I do? Naturally the father loves the son."

Prabhupāda: So why don't you quote from our śāstra that, "He is not father." Pitā na sa syāj jananī na sā syāt. Find out this verse.

Pradyumna:

gurur na sa syāt sva-jano na sa syāt
pitā na sa syāj jananī na sā syāt
daivaṁ na tat syān na patiś ca sa syān
na mocayed yaḥ samupeta-mṛtyum
(SB 5.5.18)

"One who cannot deliver his dependents from the path of repeated birth and death should never become a spiritual master, a father, a husband, a mother or a worshipable demigod."

Prabhupāda: So how he's father? What is the purport?

Tamāla Kṛṣṇa: Read the purport.

Pradyumna: "There are many spiritual masters, but Ṛṣabhadeva . . ." (break)

Prabhupāda: And who is father according to that definition? This is our formula.

Ādi-keśava: They argue sometimes. They say: "You are saying that your guru . . ."

Prabhupāda: You are arguing your point, but our argument is here. You are arguing from your point of view, and we shall argue from our point of view. Unless the father releases the son from the cycle of birth and death, he's not father. This is our formula.

Tamāla Kṛṣṇa: In order to accept this, they will have to rewrite the laws.

Prabhupāda: This is the actual . . . now, apart from the scriptural injunction, if one comes to the argument, then such kind of father is there in the animal society also. Cats and dogs, they also beget children, but they cannot relieve the child from the cycle of birth and death. And Bhagavad-gītā says, janma-mṛtyu-jarā-vyādhi-duḥkha-doṣānudarśanam (BG 13.9). First of all you have to see what is the actual distress in this material life. Janma-mṛtyu-jarā-vyādhi. Tathā dehāntara-prāptiḥ (BG 2.13). So in this life you are my father, and next time I become a cat or dog, so who cares for this father? I get another father. So who knows this law? Prakṛteḥ kriyamāṇāni guṇaiḥ karmāṇi sarvaśaḥ ahaṅkāra-vimūḍhātmā (BG 3.27). The laws of nature is going on, and everything is happening, karmaṇā daiva-netreṇa jantur dehopapattaye (SB 3.31.1). We are getting a type of body according to karma.

īśvaraḥ sarva-bhūtānāṁ
hṛd-deśe 'rjuna tiṣṭhati
bhrāmayan sarva-bhūtāni
yantrārūḍhāni māyayā
(BG 18.61)

This is a yantra. This yantra is, this machine, body, is offered by the material energy under the direction of the Supreme Personality of Godhead. So actually they do not know the laws of nature, laws of God. Ignorant. So we are trying to deliver people from this gross ignorance. And they do not know the laws. Naturally they will think "brainwashed."

Tamāla Kṛṣṇa: We have to educate them.

Prabhupāda: Yes. Vidvāṁś cakre sātvata-saṁhitām (SB 1.7.6). Anarthopaśamaṁ sākṣād bhakti-yogam adhokṣaje, lokasya ajānataḥ. The rascal people, they do not know how life is going on, and they are creating anarthas. Therefore vidvān, Vyāsadeva, vidvāṁś cakre sātvata. So this is the position. Mūrkhāṇām upadeśo hi prakopāya na śāntaye. "If you try to advise rascal, he'll be angry."

upadeśo hi mūrkhāṇāṁ
prakopāya na śāntaye
payaḥ-pānaṁ bhujaṅgānāṁ
kevalaṁ viṣa-vardhanam
(Hitopadeśa)

So this is the position. Still, we have to do our business. What can be done? Difficult task. Therefore, if you want to please Kṛṣṇa very quickly, you struggle for preaching.

ya idaṁ paramaṁ guhyaṁ
mad-bhakteṣv abhidhāsyati
na ca tasmān manuṣyeṣu
kaścin me priya-kṛttamaḥ
(BG 18.68)

So we have got our business, to please Kṛṣṇa. That is our mission. So despite there are so many inconveniences, we have to do this business. Mūḍhaḥ nābhijānāti mām ebhyaḥ paramam avyayam. They are all mūḍhas. So we have been engaged to teach them some lesson. Caitanya Mahāprabhu did also. He sacrificed all personal comforts, home life. He was learned scholar, very honored in Navadvīpa. He had no grievances with his family: His wife, Viṣṇupriyā; affectionate mother, Śacīdevī. But still, He gave up everything for the benefit of the whole world.

tyaktvā su-dustyaja-surepsita-rājya-lakṣmīṁ
dharmiṣṭha ārya-vacasā yad agād araṇyam
māyā-mṛgaṁ dayitayepsitam anvadhāvad
vande mahā-puruṣa te caraṇāravindam
(SB 11.5.34)

Caitanya Mahāprabhu wanted to deliver these foolish rascal persons. He became guru. Āmāra ājñāya guru hañā tāra' ei deśa, yāre dekha tāre kaha 'kṛṣṇa'-upadeśa (CC Madhya 7.128). So our mission is to carry out the order of Śrī Caitanya Mahāprabhu. Then Kṛṣṇa will be pleased. (aside) Come on. You can come this side.

Tamāla Kṛṣṇa: Śrīla Prabhupāda? Sometimes we find a dilemma in preaching, in the sense that if we preach very vigorously we invoke the attention of the authorities. That is to say, if we were to preach a little less vigorously, there might be less objection, but then again there would be less benefit because we would not be preaching as vigorously. So it's very hard to know sometimes just how forcefully to preach.

Prabhupāda: No, we are not to satisfy the authorities. We have to satisfy Kṛṣṇa. Just like Arjuna, he wanted to satisfy his family members, but Kṛṣṇa did not like that. Then He preached him Bhagavad-gītā, and then Arjuna agreed, "Yes. Kariṣye vacanaṁ tava (BG 18.73)." So it is the duty of the devotee to satisfy Kṛṣṇa, not the public.

Brahmānanda: In our Back to Godhead magazine now the tendency is that they're not mentioning Kṛṣṇa's name so much. They're not putting the picture of Kṛṣṇa. They're not putting the pictures of the devotees. They're stressing on the, like, simple, natural life in order to please the public.

Prabhupāda: No. Why this is going on?

Satsvarūpa: Probably because of this reasoning, that . . . they use this phrase that, "We should have to make Kṛṣṇa conscious more conventional, and with the shaved heads and the pictures of Kṛṣṇa, people won't like it." So they've taken to this description of simple life—vague talk of spiritual life, reincarnation, meditation.

Tripurāri: Seems like a compromise.

Tamāla Kṛṣṇa: People are speaking about our movement now. Many people say to us that, "You are selling out, compromising your position." And they . . .

Prabhupāda: This should be stopped, immediately. Why they are doing that without . . . concocting?

Tamāla Kṛṣṇa: There's a great deal of not approval among many of the senior devotees.

Prabhupāda: So, immediately stop it.

Tamāla Kṛṣṇa: We were looking through a recent issue of the magazine, the most recent issue, and we were . . .

Prabhupāda: Bhāgavata is coming out.

Brahmānanda: That is there. (laughter)

Tamāla Kṛṣṇa: That is there. It is fortunate you are . . . we were all noting that point. They cannot touch that.

Prabhupāda: Bhāgavata is in the middle. (break) (end)